The catchphrase ‘there’s no transition without transmission’ seems to get thrown around more and more. Much of the discussion that follows centers around increasing capacity to allow for more wind and solar farms. But perhaps less discussed, is the emerging challenges that face the existing transmission network in ensuring system security.

In recent months, two unrelated incidences of transmission tower failure resulted in separations within the NEM:

• In South Australia, thunderstorms and strong winds toppled a transmission tower near Tailem Bend. This resulted in a trip of the Heywood interconnector and caused the SA region to be ‘frequency islanded’ for one week.
• In Tasmania, a landslide displaced the foundations of a transmission tower near the town of Poatina. The adjoining line is a key part of the transmission backbone that connects the Northern and Southern parts of the state’s network.

Both events temporarily elevated the level of risk in operating the power system securely. And the SA incident in particular, incurred significant market costs to the tune of $31.5M until the line was restored.

Interconnectors

Interconnectors are the bridges that link the five regions together and allow for inter-regional exports and imports. However, unlike a bridge, they are not so much a single physical structure. They are, instead, a construct of the mathematical model that underpins the NEM (i.e. the NEM Dispatch Engine).

A simple but concise 5-node model representation of the NEM.

There are currently six interconnectors in the NEM, and they come in two forms:

• DC (Direct Current) – Basslink (TAS to VIC), Murraylink (VIC to SA) and Terranora (NSW to QLD).
• AC (Alternating Current) – Heywood (VIC to SA), VNI (VIC to NSW) and QNI (NSW to QLD).

It’s probably easier to conjure up an image of a DC interconnector, as the infrastructure itself is more-or-less a discrete cable (or group of cables) from one region to another with a terminal on either end.

AC interconnectors on the other hand are more abstract. In these cases, the ‘interconnector’ is all parts of a long complex series of essential transmission lines that connect one Regional Reference Node (RRN) to another, and it can even be the aggregate flow of several cross-regional transmission paths.

It is these AC interconnectors that maintain a common system frequency across regions, as the DC interconnectors have no such ability. A key benefit of AC interconnection is that some tasks (such as procuring enough energy to manage system frequency) can be shared across regions. However, an unexpected trip of one of these interconnectors can lead to rather large system security issues, price spikes and other economic consequences as one region is suddenly ‘on its own’ to manage supply, frequency, and the other complexities of operating an independent electricity grid.

Islanding Events

As one observant WattClarity reader recently noted, the term ‘islanding’ is often used interchangeably to refer to one of three different types of events that can occur in the NEM:

• Economic Islanding – When all (AC and/or DC) interconnectors between two regions are constrained, economic islands are formed on either side as regional spot prices can separate (sometimes significantly). E.g. If VNI was the only interconnector in the NEM to be bound, NSW & QLD would form one economic island and VIC, SA & TAS would form another.
• Frequency Islanding –When one or more regions lose frequency synchronisation, generally because an AC interconnector(s) is offline, a frequency island forms. E.g. If Heywood is offline but Murraylink is online, SA is frequency islanded.
• Electrical Islanding – When all (AC and/or DC) interconnectors linked to a region are offline, an electrical island forms. E.g. If QNI and Terranora are both offline simultaneously, QLD is electrically islanded.

Economic islandings occur often, while frequency and electrical islandings are rare and need to be managed carefully when they do occur.

The event we saw in South Australia last month was the second major case within three years that SA was ‘frequency islanded’ from the rest of the NEM for an extended period of time. In a somewhat similar incident in January 2020, a transmission tower collapse on the Victorian side of the border caused the trip of Heywood, leaving behind a $90M+ FCAS bill in the process.

Islandings of this type are a particular concern for South Australia. As a region that deals with comparatively high levels of Variable Renewable Energy penetration and periods of ultra-low (or even ‘negative’) demand, the dynamics of its power system change dramatically when it is unexpectedly islanded in this way.

Two different transmission tower failures within three years have ‘frequency islanded’ SA from the rest of the NEM

If you remember, an interconnector is any part of a series of essential lines that connect two RRNs – the image above may help to depict the physical extent of the Heywood interconnector and show how two very geographically different tower collapses could cause similar contingency events.

Of course, it is not always the case that tower failure is the root cause of an islanding event as there are thousands of electrical components that compose what is mathematically modelled as an interconnector. The table below has been compiled to list all known frequency islanding events in the NEM back to 2010.

If you spot any missing incidents or have any corrections, please leave a comment below.

As QLD and SA have only one AC interconnection with their neighbours (and both contain single double-circuited transmission lines), the risk of a frequency islanding event is elevated. The risk is much lower in NSW and VIC as multiple geographically dispersed lines would need to trip simultaneously. This may also be the case for SA, once Project EnergyConnect is completed in the coming years.

Without AC interconnection, TAS is not frequency synchronised with the mainland regions (hence technically always ‘frequency islanded’) although Basslink’s technology uniquely does allow for transfer of FCAS. The region has to deal with its own set of issues when Basslink is completely offline (i.e. when it becomes ‘electrically islanded’) as was the case for an extended period in 2016.

Transmission Tower Failures

The second component of SA’s islanding event was the collapse of a tower that carried a critical transmission line. A combination of factors can be involved in a transmission tower failure such as extreme weather events, corrosion, structural inadequacy, engineering defects or even sabotage. In Australia, it has been mother nature who has delivered the most knockout blows to the transmission network.

I’ve collated the list below to show known tower failures in the NEM since 2000 to present a bigger picture of how often these have occurred and what causes have been involved.

Date	Approx. Location	Cause(s)	Description
12th November 2022	Tailem Bend, SA	Thunderstorms / Strong Winds	Source: ElectraNet Thunderstorms and strong winds bring down a transmission tower near Tailem Bend.
14th October 2022	Poatina, TAS	Landslide / Flooding	Source: TasNetworks A landslide near the town of Poatina displaces the foundations of a tower carrying a 220kV line that runs through the middle of the state.
7th May 2020	Tamworth, NSW	Thunderstorms / Strong Winds	Source: TransGrid A section of the QNI interconnector that lies near Tamworth is damaged during a thunderstorm.
31st January 2020	Cressy, VIC	Thunderstorms / Strong Winds	Source: Energy Networks Australia Six transmission towers that form part of the Heywood Interconnector collapse in Western Victoria.
4th January 2020	Gadara, NSW	Bushfires	Source: TransGrid Bushfires burn through several wood pole structures in Southern NSW. Parts of the VNI interconnector are temporarily shut off.
31st March 2017	Clarke Creek, QLD	Tropical Cyclone Debbie / Flooding	Source: Powerlink Flooding associated with Tropical Cyclone Debbie causes several towers to fail. In total, nineteen transmission towers are replaced after being damaged by the floodwaters.
28th September 2016	Melrose, SA, and other areas of the state	Tornadoes / Strong Winds	Source: ABC Several towers collapse near the town of Melrose, later found to be one of the root causes of the SA system black event. In total, more than twenty transmission towers across the state collapsed during the weather event.
15th January 2014	Pyramid Hill, VIC	Thunderstorms / Strong Winds	Six towers fail during a thunderstorm on the 220kV Bendigo to Kerang line in a similar incident to 2010. It was later stated that the towers on the line, constructed in 1961, were structurally inadequate for high-intensity winds.
3rd February 2011	Cardwell, QLD	Tropical Cyclone Yasi / Strong Winds	Two transmission towers in North Queensland are ‘flattened’ by cyclonic winds. Wind-borne debris also cause several line trips in the area.
12th January 2010	Pyramid Hill, VIC	Thunderstorms / Strong Winds	Source: Bendigo Advertiser Thunderstorms and strong winds topple five towers on the 220kV Bendigo to Kerang line in Northern Victoria.
12th December 2009	North-East Victoria	Bushfires / Strong Winds	One suspension tower fails on the 330kV South Morang to Dederang line – from a combination of north-westerly winds, and the convection effect of bushfires.
21st September 2009	Broken Hill, NSW	Dust Storms / Strong Winds	Source: ABC Five transmission towers snap at ground level and collapse during a dust storm close to Broken Hill.
8th December 2008	Dystart, QLD	Thunderstorms / Strong Winds	Source: Courier-Mail Seven transmission towers are severely damaged north of the town of Dystart during a summer thunderstorm.
20th March 2006	Innisfail, QLD	Tropical Cyclone Larry / Strong Winds	Five transmission towers along the Palmerston Highway and near the town of Babinda are destroyed by cyclonic winds.

If you spot any missing incidents or have any corrections, please leave a comment below.

Depending upon location on the network, these incidents have had varying levels of impact on supply and security. While bushfires and flooding can affect structures in other ways, it’s more commonly wind-related events that have been their (literal) downfall. A 2020 CSIRO case study examined the risks of severe convective winds to transmission towers. The report highlighted that in relation to Australia’s aging transmission network, “Maintenance and upgrades consider several factors, including exposure, history of failure and physical condition of the tower, but generally towers are not systematically upgraded to today’s engineering standards.”.

Finally, it’s important to keep in mind that the list above only relates to such events on a transmission level. I can imagine that the list of incidents on the distribution network is an order of magnitude longer.

Final Conclusions

Hopefully this has helped paint a picture of how often these unexpected events have unfolded and how they pose significant risks to the power system. By looking at the timelines presented above, there may be some key lessons that we can take away:

• The number of possible contingency events that system planners and operators need to consider is enormous. Even the most abnormal event could present substantial system security concerns and economic repercussions without notice.
• The existing transmission network is aging. An AusNet Services report from July 2020 stated that the then-average age of transmission structures in Victoria was 52.6 years (the expected service life is 70 years).
• The NEM is becoming increasingly dependent on weather – and in ways that you might not expect.  Transmission path diversity, proper maintenance, corrosion monitoring, etc. can mitigate risks to the physical network, but extreme weather events and natural disasters are inevitable, and conceivably more so with a changing climate. While we prepare for ‘when the wind doesn’t blow’, perhaps we shouldn’t forget what can happen ‘when the wind does blow’.